Infections that were once treatable become more difficult to treat because of resistance to antibiotics. Resistance occurs naturally but is accelerated inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans, by the way. Questions were raised about how institutions such as Ministry of Health and Human Services (HHS) to adequately assess the effects of antibiotics and removal of the resistance of the people. GAO was asked to (1) describe federal efforts to determine the number of antibiotics, (2) assess HHS monitoring of antibiotics and efforts to promote appropriate use, (3) consider monitoring HHS in antibiotic-resistant infections, and (4) describe federal efforts to monitor antibiotic orders and antibiotics in the environment, and describe the study of resistance to antibiotics in the environment. GAO reviews the documents and interview officials, conducted literature review and analysis of data on sales of antibiotics. Federal agencies do not usually determine the number of antibiotics produced in the United States for human use. However, sales data can be used as estimates of production, and it shows that more than 7 million pounds of antibiotics were sold for human use in 2009. Most antibiotics, which were sold with common characteristics such as belonging to the same five classes of antibiotics. Class penicillin was the largest group of antibiotics sold for human consumption in 2009, representing about 45 percent of the antibiotics sold. HHS provides limited control over the use of antibiotics in humans and launched efforts to promote their proper use, but gaps in data on use remain, despite efforts to improve control. Although the HHS Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors used in outpatient health care, there are gaps in information for hospital use of antibiotics and the geographical nature of use. CDC takes steps to improve their monitoring, but the gaps, such as information about the general use of antibiotics remains. Since the application promotes resistance, more complete information can help policy makers determine how much resistance to antibiotics is associated with human use of antibiotics, and set priorities for action to combat the spread of resistance. Stretch gyrus CDC program promotes the proper use of antibiotics, CDC noted decrease inappropriate purpose, but it is unclear to what extent the decline was associated with the program or to other factors. CDC has been supplemented by the efforts of the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration, such as supporting research to develop tests for rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections. Gaps in monitoring the CDC, antibiotic-resistant infections, limits the agency to assess the general problem of resistance to antibiotics. There are gaps in data monitoring of infections that occur in health facilities, CDC does not collect data on all types of infections resistant to facilitywide assessment and the agency is not representative. CDC provides accurate national estimates for certain persistent infections that develop in society, including tuberculosis. While CDC is taking steps to improve monitoring, these efforts will not allow CDC, to accurately assess the overall problem of resistance to antibiotics, because they fill gaps in information. Without more complete data, the ability to CDC, to estimate the total amount in a public health issue and to plan and implement preventive measures will be difficult. Federal agencies do not control the order of most antibiotics intended for human use, but they found them, and antibiotics for animals in the environment, resulting in part of their disposal. EPA and the strattera cost United DOI States Geological Survey examined the availability of certain antibiotics in environmental parameters such as flow. Research conducted by scientists have shown that antibiotics in the environment at certain concentrations may increase the population of resistant bacteria. To better control the spread of resistance, GAO recommends that the CDC to develop and implement strategies to improve control (1) use of antibiotics and (2) antibiotic-resistant infections. HHS generally agreed with our recommendations. HHS, Environmental Protection (EPA) and the Ministry of Interior (DOI) provided technical comments which we incorporated as appropriate. .
No comments:
Post a Comment